{"id":"W4405721291","doi":"10.1086/732194","title":"To Protect and to Serve: Police, Power, and the Production of Inequality in the United States","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime and Justice","topic":"Crime, Deviance, and Social Control","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Cambridge; Princeton University; McGill University; Louisiana State University; University of Oxford; Harvard University; York University; University of Pennsylvania","keywords":"Inequality; Production (economics); Power (physics); Political science; Computer security; Criminology; Law and economics; Business; Psychology; Computer science; Sociology; Economics; Physics; Mathematics; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001797384,0.00006041978,0.0001164155,0.00006475185,0.0002840026,0.0001251329,0.0000784726,0.00003505561,0.000003815671],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007085679,0.00003629511,0.00001425419,0.0005308405,0.0002258894,0.00008530717,0.0000288828,0.00009829012,0.000001840806],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001201292,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004297369,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02937279,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004478085,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990867,0.0003575765,0.0001242065,0.0001522451,0.0001423958,0.0001368645],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993666,0.0004071038,0.00002016609,0.00008666045,0.00006882809,0.00005058195],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002081867,0.00003101402,0.0004552708,0.0003382507,0.00002107994,0.000001835084,0.900602,0.000007507639,0.0003045143,0.08812434,0.002251095,0.007654944],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009436604,0.0003022362,0.04902286,0.0003392462,0.0004275254,0.000004420808,0.7268716,0.0002411622,0.0001786834,0.01298602,0.2083194,0.000363264],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9801469,0.001393911,0.00004014929,0.01506171,0.0001809021,0.0007782203,0.000006831234,0.00001937033,0.002371963],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979946,0.0002952011,0.00001683058,0.001219476,0.0001757867,0.00003232151,9.37632e-7,0.000003684853,0.000261177],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2060683,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9770907,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03484992077668574,"score_gpt":0.3601443687582979,"score_spread":0.3252944479816121,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}