{"id":"W4405957417","doi":"10.1016/j.trb.2024.103146","title":"Investment and financing of roadway digital infrastructure for automated driving","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Transportation Research Part B Methodological","topic":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Finance; Investment (military); Transport engineering; Business; Computer science; Engineering; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001556636,0.0003698825,0.0003565562,0.0006876135,0.0003268481,0.00201168,0.0007995893,0.001469701,0.005704496],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008180822,0.0003849678,0.0003964896,0.0005668576,0.0008017145,0.002622571,0.001018738,0.001041846,0.0002953015],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003213912,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002545801,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003311911,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00279081,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990661,0.000402127,0.00002375321,0.00008369819,0.0001102601,0.000314119],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975556,0.001347571,0.0004659344,0.000113726,0.0001854276,0.0003317668],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006442646,0.0002906684,0.02211143,0.0003428884,0.000109504,0.0007389056,0.0002953537,0.496434,0.002685445,0.3820425,0.007272554,0.08703257],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00016211,0.0005415361,0.02000886,0.0002761084,0.0001785393,0.0005789045,0.001503345,0.7962174,0.004204813,0.1533735,0.0228746,0.00008018026],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8852838,0.001038794,0.0663792,0.004688698,0.00009345555,0.0001845987,0.0009742435,0.0001884746,0.0411686],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963558,0.0002127296,0.00159147,0.00003309394,0.00001292134,0.00003134063,0.00008903974,0.000006978097,0.001666598],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005704496,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02331865,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1553383962284856,"score_gpt":0.4304179676384399,"score_spread":0.2750795714099543,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}