{"id":"W4406034683","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-55220-y","title":"Quantum-limited stochastic optical neural networks operating at a few quanta per activation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Kavli Institute at Cornell, Cornell University; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Cornell University; NTT Research; National Science Foundation","keywords":"MNIST database; Artificial neural network; Computer science; Noise (video); Photon; Probabilistic logic; Quantum; Physics; Shot noise; Limit (mathematics); Energy (signal processing); Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging); Electronic engineering; Artificial intelligence; Telecommunications; Optics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002991215,0.0002081366,0.0002211744,0.0001166683,0.001339864,0.0003340343,0.003045829,0.0002993414,0.000004744037],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002398262,0.0001803301,0.0001103172,0.001078159,0.0001116391,0.0003695444,0.003003727,0.001633614,0.000008147384],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001289482,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006060006,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001739819,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009277862,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983434,0.0002570216,0.0003732093,0.0004137908,0.000226638,0.0003859408],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9960366,0.001235594,0.000120594,0.002284881,0.0002266567,0.00009559889],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000203466,0.0002645621,0.001010459,0.00001887517,0.00008446558,0.000003784375,0.0003193905,0.4434308,0.00180924,0.5245003,0.0073334,0.02120439],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002255857,0.00002760884,0.003263005,0.00008857912,0.00001260253,0.0000128091,0.00002454486,0.9942547,0.00005148345,0.0003355381,0.00152262,0.0001809447],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05353437,0.004537779,0.9033698,0.03483048,0.0009305532,0.0005249174,0.000001527591,0.0004661663,0.001804333],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9775624,0.00006176044,0.01991156,0.00210902,0.000100265,0.00003321674,0.00003556693,0.00001311228,0.0001731462],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.924028,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999602,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02406580829579463,"score_gpt":0.3039313139672015,"score_spread":0.2798655056714068,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}