{"id":"W4406053002","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70006","title":"Land Use Change Consistently Reduces α‐ But Not β‐ and γ‐Diversity of Bees","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Global Change Biology","topic":"Plant and animal studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Brock University; Bishop's University; Université Laval; University of Ottawa; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; The Scarborough Hospital; York University; University of Toronto","funders":"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; University of California, San Diego; U.S. Forest Service; National Institute of Food and Agriculture; Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research; Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft; Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World; Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais; West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Mahidol University; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Technische Universität München; Israel Science Foundation; Missouri Department of Conservation; University of Toronto Scarborough; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Science and Technology Development Agency; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; University of Toronto; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Western Sydney University; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Thailand Research Fund; Washington University in St. Louis; KU Leuven; Russian Science Foundation; Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas; U.S. Geological Survey; Universidade de São Paulo; Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; European Commission; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Australian National University; University of Ottawa; University of Sussex; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Wildlife Conservation Society; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; University of Missouri; U.S. Department of Agriculture; York University; University of Wisconsin-Madison; ACT Government; University of Texas at Austin; Pennsylvania State University; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research; Montana State University; University College Cork; Université Laval; Tyson Research Center; Styrelsen för Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; National Geographic Society; Ciência sem Fronteiras; National Science Foundation; Western SARE; Universidad Internacional de La Rioja","keywords":"Biodiversity; Phylogenetic diversity; Ecology; Habitat; Gamma diversity; Alpha diversity; Ecosystem diversity; Biology; Species diversity; Diversity (politics); Geography; Phylogenetic tree","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002987057,0.0001801611,0.0002141643,0.0007892388,0.0003735484,0.0007382864,0.0001841403,0.0002223311,0.001516824],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001158139,0.0001035448,0.0003353495,0.001548495,0.0004515516,0.0005729377,0.0005717414,0.0002203913,0.0002653085],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002111424,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001681903,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005694405,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01324707,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999673,0.0000839753,0.00003070346,0.0001194943,0.00004692003,0.0000458046],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994193,0.0001375404,0.0001808703,0.0001069528,0.0001124006,0.00004301975],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001828623,0.00002241821,0.9400416,0.0002758223,0.0003947168,0.0001519404,0.00110308,0.0005920168,0.02326475,0.0002817854,0.0009631813,0.03272571],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002278813,0.00001896321,0.995937,0.00001735306,0.00005535769,0.00006871481,0.0005120899,0.0001826564,0.0006051669,0.00009955322,0.002496636,0.000004200747],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9960963,0.0008804172,0.0003955931,0.00005292563,0.000006068535,0.000005287061,0.001175242,0.00001417306,0.001373937],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974735,0.0004112128,0.000361977,0.00005616045,0.0000070807,0.00001079575,0.001374496,0.00000702095,0.0002978002],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005694405,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01132256,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1910628042813813,"score_gpt":0.2620215788503882,"score_spread":0.0709587745690069,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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