{"id":"W4406128139","doi":"10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181","title":"Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Climate","topic":"Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; European Commission","keywords":"Environmental science; Greenhouse gas; Carbon dioxide; Seawater; Environmental resource management; Business; Environmental protection; Natural resource economics; Oceanography; Ecology; Biology; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002573865,0.00006357381,0.0001468477,0.0001640125,0.00002784991,0.000007941335,0.00007048957,0.00003776458,0.00002405023],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005843253,0.00005073857,0.00001880771,0.0001207227,0.0001083179,0.00004840318,0.0000144317,0.0000558602,8.003473e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003650048,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001470281,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001652468,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002387044,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994792,0.00005184882,0.0001191488,0.0001574946,0.00006405338,0.0001282267],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997429,0.00007900605,0.00003753647,0.0001034532,0.00001365448,0.00002346988],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001964246,0.00001862738,0.9014962,0.0001686339,0.00001992543,0.00001227079,0.0005584046,0.00006222277,0.00006160145,0.00167295,0.00006435627,0.09566836],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002283996,0.00003976311,0.9895198,0.00004070341,0.00000775821,0.000003029524,0.003939129,0.002997343,0.0001943543,0.001970748,0.0009965663,0.00006235632],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9342602,0.02838054,0.0000153045,0.0008512984,0.0003139894,0.00009352562,0.00001109263,0.00001524843,0.03605884],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9728956,0.02448247,0.002444222,0.00001779071,0.00001380428,3.798549e-7,0.000003547279,0.000001424175,0.0001407739],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09560601,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2069059,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01129115543083001,"score_gpt":0.2248419159147723,"score_spread":0.2135507604839423,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}