{"id":"W4406137706","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5016567","title":"&lt;div&gt; Beacons not burdens: Business groups and corporate social performance around the world&lt;/div&gt;","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Diversification (marketing strategy); Propensity score matching; Corporate social responsibility; Affect (linguistics); Beacon; Hierarchy; Corporate group; Business; Matching (statistics); Business administration; Demographic economics; Economics; Psychology; Marketing; Political science; Public relations; Corporate governance; Finance; Market economy; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007788794,0.0002077745,0.0002524887,0.0008673861,0.003196133,0.006765341,0.0004641175,0.003445989,0.09199969],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004604361,0.0001662428,0.0001564748,0.003307228,0.002718626,0.007119244,0.001727736,0.001886744,0.009392781],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002923977,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002458581,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.09639204,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2184774,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999608,0.0001425509,0.00001858462,0.00005390803,0.0001082143,0.00006876267],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977559,0.0008387039,0.0003688295,0.00007808735,0.0003543114,0.00060413],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000399247,0.00003540548,0.00734132,0.00006607301,0.00000513905,0.00008640603,0.005372628,0.00006806983,0.00007023126,0.1263783,0.8083447,0.05219179],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003164964,0.00003867945,0.08742891,0.0007398577,0.00002017759,0.00009249403,0.05551561,0.0003274339,0.0002214238,0.07731902,0.778232,0.00003280886],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02617103,0.008873006,0.000283837,0.4397936,0.001607363,0.00002088967,0.00237166,0.0000648654,0.5208137],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5691526,0.01440269,0.0003367436,0.01832897,0.002019119,0.00006355413,0.001088351,0.0002696643,0.3943383],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09639204,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3077696,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01882925571611182,"score_gpt":0.2405055069809585,"score_spread":0.2216762512648467,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}