{"id":"W4406158648","doi":"10.1039/d4su00732h","title":"Novel green fabrication of stable hydrogel beads from industrial waste lignin for efficient Pb(<scp>ii</scp>) ion removal","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"RSC Sustainability","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; National Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Alberta","funders":"National Research Council Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance; University of Alberta","keywords":"Lignin; Fabrication; Materials science; Ion; Chemical engineering; Waste management; Pulp and paper industry; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008811033,0.0002305063,0.0003187757,0.0001042273,0.0002666623,0.0000242277,0.0003452571,0.0002659139,0.0000705793],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001102044,0.0002160868,0.0002034524,0.0007289434,0.0003274046,0.0001467304,0.0003738404,0.0001879164,0.00001499088],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001490047,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001765863,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002699318,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009755862,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978049,0.00007946903,0.000591321,0.0006320699,0.0004444767,0.0004477702],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986768,0.0002613561,0.000265531,0.0005292631,0.0001406543,0.000126375],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005271578,0.003274164,0.0350423,0.0002150715,0.0001339912,0.000005002897,0.001946458,0.01186871,0.8813849,0.00759745,0.0130534,0.04495137],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006038481,0.0005810895,0.02991953,0.00007922047,0.0002071472,0.000007667276,0.008281101,0.05622357,0.8028081,0.01522639,0.08016209,0.0004655779],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9784761,0.00002839293,0.01679242,0.0006217143,0.0003111511,0.0013025,0.0002190886,0.00007481776,0.002173797],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9915427,0.000002218975,0.001231878,0.00009015655,0.0001233162,0.00004255105,0.00007202142,0.00001362399,0.006881555],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07857681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8811764,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01477926787057653,"score_gpt":0.245188547560658,"score_spread":0.2304092796900815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}