{"id":"W4406216793","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2436898","title":"Understanding the regulatory-procurement interface for medicines in Africa via publicly available information on standards, implementation, and enforcement in five countries","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","topic":"Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University; Public Health Ontario; University of Toronto","funders":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","keywords":"Procurement; Enforcement; Pharmacy; Regulatory authority; Business; Interface (matter); Computer science; Accounting; Medicine; Public administration; Marketing; Political science; Family medicine; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005831125,0.0001181876,0.0002392024,0.0003385897,0.0001243732,0.00009917792,0.00006811319,0.00005164682,0.00008040322],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002850551,0.00008167277,0.00003165289,0.0002876661,0.0001293815,0.0008979555,0.00004463157,0.0004196964,8.809976e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006156409,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004705388,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007331902,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002765033,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982649,0.0002057802,0.0007105948,0.0001029461,0.0004595524,0.0002562045],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969403,0.002272208,0.0002844752,0.00007242083,0.0003148862,0.000115759],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.05292972,0.0008603166,0.006581946,0.004105695,0.001201799,0.00004853533,0.03854828,0.0002982752,0.003201421,0.7848258,0.05869582,0.04870237],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01336785,0.001030903,0.0005254936,0.0008981031,0.0004476011,0.0001767544,0.0386007,0.005530825,0.003469655,0.01270073,0.9230753,0.0001761161],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06376029,0.008039919,0.09694516,0.7733725,0.000748324,0.003894985,0.0001165541,0.00003534801,0.05308691],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9831516,0.00117731,0.0001357857,0.01534295,0.0001110544,0.0000141711,0.000001879846,0.000004329215,0.00006090813],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9193913,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3412582,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1702834328006141,"score_gpt":0.4941558391686752,"score_spread":0.3238724063680611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}