{"id":"W4406249399","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-443-23662-4.00016-0","title":"Biochar and engineering applications in remediation of heavy metal pollutants from wastewater toward sustainable development","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Environmental remediation; Pollutant; Environmental science; Wastewater; Sustainable development; Heavy metals; Waste management; Environmental engineering; Environmental chemistry; Engineering; Chemistry; Contamination; Ecology; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001808825,0.0008619122,0.0005153858,0.0009924783,0.0003510154,0.001350127,0.0006087709,0.0009196071,0.01041764],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001286775,0.0004532615,0.0005061776,0.001724554,0.0003155365,0.001118699,0.000536972,0.001084159,0.006086074],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005027158,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000373495,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001153816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004826995,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999897,0.000007752588,0.000005425843,0.00002171687,0.00005798051,0.00001013851],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999596,0.00001975837,0.00000348453,0.000003146987,0.00001092181,0.00000313122],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009147274,0.0002233438,0.0001650529,0.002771088,0.00003636341,0.0004665654,0.0002519273,0.003140578,0.1877599,0.03479167,0.03115623,0.7391458],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001094922,0.0001457774,0.0006102779,0.0004367409,0.00002956882,0.00086934,0.00009704539,0.001923285,0.05529898,0.01446024,0.9260924,0.00002532346],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.01456208,0.5982292,0.0452504,0.001888486,0.003051623,0.00009891927,0.0004145549,0.0004734488,0.3360312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0323693,0.2718158,0.02388963,0.0008277703,0.0006350934,0.00006732819,0.0003897047,0.0001625237,0.6698428],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01041764,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03485048,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008225852092419609,"score_gpt":0.2004673019670938,"score_spread":0.1922414498746741,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}