{"id":"W4406278060","doi":"10.1016/j.jinteco.2025.104046","title":"The cleanup of US manufacturing through pollution offshoring","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of International Economics","topic":"Global trade and economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Society for Education in Anesthesia; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison; University of California, San Diego; National Science and Technology Council; San Diego State University; Yonsei University; California Earthquake Authority; University of California, Davis; University of California, Santa Cruz; Keio University; Yale University","keywords":"Offshoring; Economics; Pollution; Natural resource economics; Business; Outsourcing; Marketing; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005972171,0.000101323,0.0003019876,0.0001765444,0.00008242777,0.00009054029,0.0005464305,0.00006627128,0.00008083082],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009706941,0.00009790387,0.0002430288,0.00004609198,0.00006535928,0.0004623435,0.00007492636,0.0001702686,0.00002807037],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000321604,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004243569,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007519138,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000253682,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984441,0.000007314929,0.001242068,0.0001302,0.00002342083,0.0001528793],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985016,0.00008659008,0.001156677,0.000164314,0.00005978555,0.00003105043],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009370967,0.00005044881,0.02131112,0.00001129437,0.0004099948,0.000001346054,0.00007177959,0.01024056,0.00001584181,0.9631418,0.001974868,0.002677246],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001050575,0.00007018954,0.06397683,0.00006004501,0.00001748089,0.00003385428,0.0004221949,0.003214605,0.003758894,0.2340951,0.693118,0.0001821714],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8801079,0.001739264,0.001627207,0.003800465,0.003870979,0.00006526046,0.00005728848,0.00000516265,0.1087265],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.991919,0.005620476,0.001127918,0.0004024495,0.0002686024,0.000001241453,0.000001966951,0.000008564693,0.0006498052],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7290467,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3992404,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03307474224418457,"score_gpt":0.2302486294105332,"score_spread":0.1971738871663486,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}