{"id":"W4406322698","doi":"10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00150","title":"Speech Production of Mandarin Lexical Tones Among Canadian Elementary Students Enrolled in Mandarin–English Bilingual Schools","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Mandarin Chinese; Pronunciation; Psychology; Context (archaeology); Linguistics; Tone (literature); First language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003287121,0.0003811845,0.000275636,0.0005703369,0.001820875,0.00084813,0.0003688615,0.000243574,0.001992991],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008432054,0.0002322274,0.0001552627,0.0005535513,0.0004983554,0.0001665428,0.0004655611,0.000283092,0.0004123973],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003309877,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005378569,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.771109,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9190302,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996409,0.00002265482,0.00001521478,0.00006118717,0.0001373171,0.0001227089],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992864,0.00007097849,0.0001178298,0.000021876,0.0003199055,0.0001831652],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003951967,0.0002583117,0.9220882,0.00009247845,0.00002266939,0.000650318,0.03284569,0.00005872109,0.02171682,0.00007995394,0.0003543049,0.02143734],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005460414,0.0001102712,0.9874064,0.00001271289,0.00001465285,0.0001537677,0.01023886,0.00008155908,0.001228705,0.0000112064,0.0007258544,0.00001058345],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9994248,0.00002412772,0.00001500973,0.000006364952,6.447676e-7,0.000004819533,0.00003937704,0.000001633819,0.0004833702],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988503,0.00004476926,0.00007563814,0.00001167564,5.239955e-7,0.000004291339,0.00008116049,0.000001855537,0.0009297596],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.228891,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4604779,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0385961998076517,"score_gpt":0.4354414026407636,"score_spread":0.3968452028331119,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}