{"id":"W4406347104","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06495-8","title":"Comparative analysis of torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization of kitchen waste for sustainable biofuel production","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Hydrothermal carbonization; Biochar; Torrefaction; Biofuel; Combustion; Carbonization; Heat of combustion; Waste management; Coal; Carbon fibers; Solid fuel; Pulp and paper industry; Materials science; Environmental science; Pyrolysis; Chemistry; Adsorption; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009516342,0.0001166219,0.0002932026,0.0004816114,0.00004031172,0.00001012616,0.00005050072,0.0001033158,0.00001056295],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002674808,0.0001055628,0.00005708607,0.0008632882,0.0001070412,0.0001268103,0.0000352091,0.00002977232,1.597341e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003555383,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001951522,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004474988,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000468195,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993804,0.00001390932,0.000224998,0.0001851642,0.00007844434,0.0001170919],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995577,0.00005186914,0.00008201746,0.0001036506,0.0001709087,0.00003383318],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001182097,0.00002693714,0.005901054,0.001119338,0.0004281434,2.202694e-7,0.0001496495,0.00003899192,0.9908039,0.0003240715,0.0003329948,0.0007564989],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004033223,0.00003831252,0.002754845,0.00003291256,0.0004032882,2.724798e-7,0.001072465,0.006155611,0.9884121,0.00005019874,0.0005714897,0.0001051712],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9980116,0.0007504698,0.0004823269,0.00007836982,0.0001037683,0.0002214457,0.0000183348,0.00004919456,0.0002844342],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994335,0.00009102005,0.0001254376,0.000008584331,0.00001052344,0.000009662906,0.00004258532,0.000005354827,0.0002733364],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006116619,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4304727,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00821187505124987,"score_gpt":0.224139377651506,"score_spread":0.2159275026002561,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}