{"id":"W4406388280","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125568","title":"Performance investigation of a solar-assisted ground source heat pump system coupled with novel offset pipe energy piles and solar PVT collectors for cold climate applications","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Thermal Engineering","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; University of Calgary","keywords":"Solar energy; Heat pump; Offset (computer science); Environmental science; Cold climate; Nuclear engineering; Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector; Photovoltaic system; Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Aerospace engineering; Materials science; Meteorology; Electrical engineering; Physics; Computer science; Heat exchanger","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001864139,0.0002977877,0.0004076673,0.000175979,0.0002935547,0.00005338642,0.0001911574,0.0001502567,0.000003254232],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004046096,0.0002790904,0.00005777429,0.0005431604,0.00007708865,0.00008845833,0.00005506851,0.0001033726,0.000001200957],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001018193,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006162245,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001077709,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001088394,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986085,0.00001122482,0.000478484,0.0003759558,0.0001628493,0.000363043],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991004,0.0001411785,0.0001869345,0.0003675921,0.0001044547,0.00009948114],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005146846,0.00003521674,0.0002054158,0.0006722922,0.0001208109,1.015437e-7,0.00008208522,0.3492405,0.5196358,0.1295672,0.000003126895,0.0003860726],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002066491,0.00007772462,0.005872462,0.0003458292,0.0001669791,0.00001061996,0.0002915083,0.8606112,0.1180467,0.00001256564,0.01201133,0.0004865567],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8545735,0.0001048147,0.1431673,0.00003548034,0.0000509371,0.000859149,0.00006173824,0.0002867653,0.0008602888],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953008,0.00001496511,0.001312827,0.00004557657,0.00007336471,0.00290986,0.0001015361,0.00007055432,0.0001704769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5113708,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999661,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006338208666740871,"score_gpt":0.1735796482591091,"score_spread":0.1672414395923682,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}