{"id":"W4406418772","doi":"10.5539/jel.v14n3p21","title":"Higher Education and Its Contribution to Economies of African Countries: Move Towards Competence-Based and Skills Demand-Driven Standards in Collaboration with Industry","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Education and Learning","topic":"Higher Education Learning Practices","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Competence (human resources); Supply and demand; Economics; Mathematics education; Economic geography; Business; Sociology; Economic growth; Economy; Pedagogy; Psychology; Management; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00355248,0.0002595366,0.0001908113,0.001401407,0.003387413,0.008052262,0.000408982,0.001255444,0.006629541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005698902,0.0001623955,0.0001806546,0.002401924,0.002834176,0.004109197,0.007295626,0.001897541,0.0002787171],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004096471,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01265814,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004052867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006078551,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971992,0.001357525,0.00009445884,0.0001054925,0.0004186115,0.0008247321],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9961089,0.001711702,0.0008052131,0.0000977957,0.0003950778,0.0008812777],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006155571,0.0001662559,0.06735055,0.002081131,0.00005046884,0.002795975,0.05676703,0.001240565,0.001291662,0.597362,0.01536753,0.2554651],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001842983,0.0001450411,0.1106701,0.005941379,0.00004543216,0.001374502,0.1293319,0.0009794463,0.00120166,0.05677617,0.6934564,0.00005949109],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5087185,0.04488419,0.002490374,0.174894,0.0009913319,0.00008350077,0.0001490537,0.00002397293,0.267765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9788183,0.01284697,0.0008064768,0.00242597,0.0001318647,0.00001517067,0.00001930288,0.000006714284,0.004929266],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008052262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02972203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008926758261305498,"score_gpt":0.3507237346150929,"score_spread":0.3417969763537874,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}