{"id":"W4406420407","doi":"10.3390/drones9010057","title":"Autonomous Landing Guidance for Quad-UAVs Based on Visual Image and Altitude Estimation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Drones","topic":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Computer vision; Altitude (triangle); Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Estimation; Image (mathematics); Aeronautics; Engineering; Mathematics; Systems engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006490277,0.00007451716,0.00008377108,0.00007498678,0.00005875783,0.00004147152,0.00002790916,0.00003747457,0.000003976049],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003776395,0.00007692286,0.00001756708,0.00006517399,0.00001134922,0.00004760568,0.000004203438,0.00002908964,0.000003703876],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003851466,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001006099,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009048282,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009364195,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996465,0.000006866859,0.0001079415,0.00009704387,0.000044233,0.00009740223],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998084,0.0000709032,0.00001356526,0.00006886879,0.00001935129,0.00001893388],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001295991,0.00001682749,0.0005655345,0.0001928974,0.000008994742,8.661679e-7,0.0000378484,0.9861828,0.003738676,0.004012877,0.0005954907,0.004634215],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003191241,0.00002863475,0.002061723,0.00006457909,0.00001024858,1.620896e-7,0.00000833544,0.991741,0.004816148,0.0002923762,0.0005784575,0.00007918279],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03361768,0.000077129,0.9648467,0.0002014188,0.0001835534,0.0001535922,0.000006061121,0.0001378624,0.0007760271],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9842213,0.000006327396,0.01550293,0.000085684,0.00002806738,0.00001931561,0.00003953575,0.00001327451,0.00008350341],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9506037,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3136823,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005914282946684805,"score_gpt":0.2567775093247515,"score_spread":0.2508632263780667,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}