{"id":"W4406496739","doi":"10.1080/07352166.2024.2445837","title":"Ex nihilo urbanization in Nigeria: Colonial legacies, privatization, and foreign actors","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Urban Affairs","topic":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; McGill University","keywords":"Urbanization; Colonialism; Political science; Development economics; Political economy; Sociology; Economics; Economic growth; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006177977,0.0001011066,0.0002182019,0.0003183713,0.0001886837,0.00009911275,0.0001865047,0.0001270022,0.00009196353],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004337479,0.00008889909,0.0000405893,0.0005932974,0.0001554749,0.0004528786,0.00003299919,0.0001637785,0.000002417286],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002232488,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004522574,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004981647,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001087586,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988248,0.0001322557,0.000421949,0.0001146558,0.0003054063,0.0002008755],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992853,0.000112268,0.000246317,0.00006089166,0.0002102208,0.00008499014],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001476898,0.0002024568,0.5130102,0.00006203445,0.0001144294,0.00003644596,0.05844711,0.00003210737,0.0003260358,0.2811659,0.1435312,0.00292433],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002994415,0.0002622925,0.3078625,0.0005712769,0.00005915548,0.0000111996,0.06303342,0.00005067487,0.0004530457,0.01886818,0.605297,0.0005368495],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6734263,0.006704511,0.001357825,0.02643463,0.002846848,0.0007419913,0.000005124326,0.00008261488,0.2884002],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924511,0.001174602,0.0003700062,0.00008817358,0.0002105244,0.000001307378,0.000001977075,0.000007193108,0.005695169],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4617658,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.36252,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01137822849676977,"score_gpt":0.2585244672734429,"score_spread":0.2471462387766732,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}