{"id":"W4406516882","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202452028","title":"Detecting clusters and groups of galaxies populating the local Universe in large optical spectroscopic surveys","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; Research Executive Agency; HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; European Research Council; Eesti Teadusagentuur; European Commission; McMaster University","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Galaxy; Galaxy cluster; Universe; Astronomy; Galaxy groups and clusters; Galaxy group; Luminous infrared galaxy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001026759,0.0002843149,0.0002394616,0.0007334093,0.0002873229,0.0005417962,0.0006230078,0.0003391841,0.000797616],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004223584,0.0001742912,0.0003756332,0.0006029925,0.0004410248,0.0005435181,0.0005997905,0.0002045645,0.0001850681],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006289452,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003911253,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01589653,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02518924,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997004,0.0001451385,0.000008710376,0.00006797873,0.00004678838,0.00003097842],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988005,0.0004193432,0.0003008833,0.0002367428,0.0001147708,0.0001277254],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00031144,0.0001033747,0.7249045,0.0001260063,0.0003427067,0.0001353102,0.0002506957,0.2467709,0.003353495,0.003215871,0.001387155,0.01909856],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009338224,0.0001778656,0.4046862,0.00004997639,0.0001818977,0.0001890166,0.0005008596,0.5806382,0.003033601,0.006448767,0.003962252,0.00003809051],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9916568,0.0001756824,0.006167439,0.000146384,0.00001072921,0.00002432274,0.0008853133,0.0001486434,0.0007846479],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947373,0.00005927347,0.003890442,0.0000261243,0.000009758092,0.00001245643,0.0009912578,0.00001536877,0.0002580718],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01589653,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03160799,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007384088934082741,"score_gpt":0.248874501610838,"score_spread":0.2414904126767553,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}