{"id":"W4406691631","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c11772","title":"Subsidies, Standards, or Both? Trade-Offs among Policies for 100% Zero-Emissions Vehicle Sales","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","field":"Energy","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Subsidy; Zero (linguistics); Zero emission; Business; Environmental science; Environmental economics; Natural resource economics; Economics; Waste management; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002929166,0.0002928897,0.0003023121,0.0006413104,0.000952946,0.0000479276,0.00075879,0.0002492656,0.0002355134],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000861903,0.0002505165,0.0001029517,0.0009802651,0.004228917,0.000305838,0.0001459372,0.0002017792,0.00001935451],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005065776,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001341344,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003020922,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007312208,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976497,0.00002176388,0.0004114856,0.0006441493,0.0004841145,0.0007888331],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990792,0.00008415099,0.0001273313,0.0005578165,0.000006289416,0.0001451829],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001655584,0.0006981702,0.1399502,0.00005376758,0.0001246547,0.00002251278,0.001720696,0.005269622,0.5189303,0.302808,0.00406183,0.02619483],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001279393,0.0003013389,0.211557,0.00006201849,0.00007593249,0.000008128732,0.003621659,0.0002762974,0.2889199,0.01227567,0.4810754,0.0005472061],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9879145,0.0006473048,0.00180956,0.003284289,0.0002372809,0.0003957006,0.0002133745,0.0003680495,0.005129957],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924781,0.0006300964,0.000726429,0.0004447479,0.00002759967,0.0001660756,0.00004015367,0.00002921468,0.005457602],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4770136,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999947,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009287723678547449,"score_gpt":0.2590535965479457,"score_spread":0.2497658728693982,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}