{"id":"W4406708852","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202451296","title":"The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M87","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Regional Municipality of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Trinity College; McGill University; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; High Energy Physics; Office of International Science and Engineering; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences; National Nuclear Security Administration; Office of Science; Toray Science Foundation; East Asian Core Observatories Association; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; National Science and Technology Council; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Fundación Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Ministry of Education, India; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Generalitat Valenciana; National Science Foundation; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica; Junta de Andalucía; Universiteit van Amsterdam; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Netherlands eScience Center; European Southern Observatory; John Templeton Foundation; China Scholarship Council; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Radboud Universiteit; National Research Foundation; University of Pretoria; Compute Canada; Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science; University of Arizona; Smithsonian Institution; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Universiteit Leiden; Associated Universities; Space Telescope Science Institute; National Center for Theoretical Sciences; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; University of Chicago; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Government of Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Flatiron Health","keywords":"Physics; Supermassive black hole; Astrophysics; Shadow (psychology); Astronomy; Intermediate-mass black hole; Black hole (networking); Galaxy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001075443,0.0001294095,0.0001766538,0.0004529637,0.0002082424,0.0004208588,0.0001869755,0.0001773891,0.0007618923],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002191111,0.0001059298,0.0002284916,0.0002920542,0.0002221082,0.0002659936,0.0002959376,0.00018601,0.0001756836],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003265864,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001290909,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003815928,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006213964,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999534,0.000004239674,0.000001543707,0.000008868946,0.00001506673,0.0000168887],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998472,0.00001333097,0.00005857227,0.0000360962,0.00001200801,0.00003276614],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007666337,0.0001028926,0.7182574,0.0001294076,0.0001673408,0.004589654,0.001832899,0.0087228,0.1921266,0.006107405,0.00492007,0.06227683],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000103798,0.00005921777,0.9831777,0.00001222552,0.00003166206,0.0007195835,0.0002226009,0.007044717,0.005494657,0.00047603,0.002742075,0.000009136573],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966292,0.0000760459,0.0007986178,0.00005062427,0.000008405509,0.000002626541,0.0002528892,0.00007308347,0.002108491],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990997,0.00003277951,0.0004907512,0.00001133731,0.000007287826,8.224648e-7,0.0001930029,0.0000108846,0.0001534483],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003815928,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007587433,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0068409276804684,"score_gpt":0.2028972686292679,"score_spread":0.1960563409487995,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}