{"id":"W4406711879","doi":"10.1080/00273171.2024.2444943","title":"Estimated Factor Scores Are Not True Factor Scores","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Multivariate Behavioral Research","topic":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Factor regression model; Statistics; Unobservable; Factor analysis; Linear regression; Latent variable; Regression; Regression analysis; Mathematics; Factor (programming language); Reliability (semiconductor); Latent variable model; Econometrics; Variables; Proper linear model; Bayesian multivariate linear regression; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008107672,0.0003895389,0.0008112415,0.003049103,0.0009137581,0.001297526,0.002727393,0.0003572633,0.001801147],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1849942,0.0002740137,0.0002531384,0.007616877,0.0005223746,0.0004724165,0.001336204,0.00127994,0.0004900933],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002600054,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003911266,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004216182,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001997047,"domain_scores_codex":[0.989603,0.002463073,0.001197941,0.001483337,0.003839793,0.001412877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9538411,0.04188219,0.0003348568,0.001612188,0.001943897,0.0003857641],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002593047,0.0003533981,0.6302187,0.0000160948,0.00001970297,0.00007395115,0.0003324801,0.00002629392,0.0254529,0.0003275527,0.002957858,0.3399617],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00092106,0.0001839651,0.978451,0.0001544273,0.00001035043,0.000002550422,0.0007573362,0.002147981,0.01025415,0.005315002,0.001513542,0.0002886474],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9917291,0.0002386339,0.003279789,0.001098687,0.001272233,0.0007739845,0.0002748662,0.0002329268,0.001099807],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9832329,0.00003248682,0.01144176,0.00006598146,0.00009522034,0.00008579533,0.000008966539,0.00003287421,0.005004033],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3482322,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999712,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8974028395791328,"score_gpt":0.6651354386211888,"score_spread":0.232267400957944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}