{"id":"W4406711879","doi":"10.1080/00273171.2024.2444943","title":"Estimated Factor Scores Are Not True Factor Scores","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Multivariate Behavioral Research","topic":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Factor regression model; Statistics; Unobservable; Factor analysis; Linear regression; Latent variable; Regression; Regression analysis; Mathematics; Factor (programming language); Reliability (semiconductor); Latent variable model; Econometrics; Variables; Proper linear model; Bayesian multivariate linear regression; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01733439,0.002048296,0.001054327,0.00320523,0.0004596412,0.004703035,0.001654125,0.001298621,0.01468224],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1543235,0.001160625,0.0011167,0.004325142,0.002116671,0.00800137,0.001428914,0.002929664,0.006601513],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009419915,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001492866,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001547198,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00157782,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9880843,0.005911511,0.0008968574,0.00144415,0.003402763,0.000260397],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9448164,0.03926973,0.003044393,0.00656344,0.006069147,0.0002369681],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001581458,0.0001194265,0.01765339,0.001160368,0.0006024,0.0001455207,0.001390045,0.02532718,0.003728664,0.3368105,0.0292282,0.5836762],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009692987,0.0003054247,0.02258769,0.001020106,0.0002708174,0.0007658915,0.00104958,0.1024542,0.009763328,0.7262629,0.1350528,0.0003702635],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.01260251,0.001071647,0.9723002,0.0009560881,0.0004693065,0.0001412655,0.001389385,0.0013412,0.009728435],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1568214,0.003382457,0.8272363,0.0006080088,0.0003218092,0.0008172613,0.002835184,0.001342476,0.006635145],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9826656,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09167409,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8974028395791328,"score_gpt":0.6651354386211888,"score_spread":0.232267400957944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}