{"id":"W4406735650","doi":"10.1080/23742917.2025.2454620","title":"The business of ransomware and its effects on business","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cyber Security Technology","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","keywords":"Ransomware; Business; Computer science; Computer security; Malware","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001805522,0.0002912664,0.0001919348,0.001335409,0.01012177,0.00628094,0.0008236929,0.0009772009,0.007604149],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007674469,0.0001812785,0.000226573,0.00167194,0.005651625,0.002440533,0.0033929,0.001506935,0.0006002597],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01658632,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01194913,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6169203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7095561,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960688,0.001082199,0.000077348,0.0001670113,0.001424715,0.001179916],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.990444,0.002117252,0.002342958,0.0004089017,0.001999745,0.002687143],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003164669,0.0003346087,0.5426877,0.0002561861,0.00006701393,0.003544261,0.2007777,0.0007239493,0.002629599,0.03207786,0.03099959,0.1855851],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008084092,0.0001547593,0.4381321,0.000418257,0.00003422251,0.0008162662,0.4686585,0.0006193671,0.0007001616,0.001991525,0.08838866,0.00007802096],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9127172,0.001117898,0.0003386844,0.0101763,0.00007615338,0.00002131933,0.000107927,0.00002631243,0.07541808],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957931,0.0007617467,0.0001005926,0.0004866546,0.00001913852,0.000003773533,0.00002483393,0.000007928057,0.002802158],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6169203,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7706715,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.002949123881420275,"score_gpt":0.2396459471837676,"score_spread":0.2366968233023473,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}