{"id":"W4406766867","doi":"10.3390/ma18030516","title":"Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Processability and Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu 224 Alloys with TiB Grain Refiner Additions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials","topic":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Rio Tinto (Canada); Université du Québec à Chicoutimi","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Centre québécois de recherche et de développement de l’aluminium","keywords":"Materials science; Equiaxed crystals; Tearing; Grain size; Metallurgy; Selective laser melting; Aluminium; Microstructure; Laser; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002148515,0.0002688348,0.0004279331,0.00009422006,0.00009231021,0.0000926594,0.0001287549,0.0000934416,0.0007342414],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006188951,0.0001993499,0.00002884289,0.00007555931,0.0001501161,0.0001518828,0.00005950706,0.00007576268,0.000007730038],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003702086,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004399995,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004429829,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004429568,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988778,0.00006640489,0.0003644421,0.0002946726,0.0001440819,0.0002526232],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995051,0.00007427586,0.00007610206,0.0002142945,0.0000786333,0.0000515935],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005896944,0.000199586,0.0000410372,0.006010148,0.0003156158,0.00001582168,0.0002236857,0.0009150492,0.9818562,0.0006952253,0.005146509,0.003991422],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004320071,0.00007345094,0.001053893,0.0005223585,0.00004583252,0.000002610994,0.00004867494,0.00006137855,0.9921434,0.0005442973,0.004840114,0.0002319752],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962202,0.00005629831,0.0008906662,0.0001779669,0.0002237485,0.0003679733,0.001139119,0.000260819,0.0006632528],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986134,0.00002919132,0.0006868995,0.0001258608,0.00005118017,0.0002200749,0.0001224944,0.00003565106,0.000115275],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0102872,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8129254,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01002626271201607,"score_gpt":0.2059407169054049,"score_spread":0.1959144541933888,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}