{"id":"W4406781990","doi":"10.1002/col.22976","title":"Metamer Mismatching Predicts Color Difference Ellipsoids","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Color Research & Application","topic":"Color Science and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Chromaticity; Color space; Color difference; Lightness; Mathematics; Variation (astronomy); Artificial intelligence; Color discrimination; Ellipse; Computer vision; Ellipsoid; Space (punctuation); Color model; Color vision; Computer science; Image (mathematics); Geometry; Geography; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008364685,0.0001293216,0.0001661475,0.0001934581,0.0006961059,0.0001547415,0.0006903101,0.00004666302,0.000113374],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003367333,0.0001199182,0.00006841314,0.001422477,0.0002554845,0.0001291399,0.0002365067,0.0003679709,0.0003792447],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008882895,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002595048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000325031,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000250765,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982272,0.0001021889,0.0002534998,0.0005244964,0.0004255277,0.0004671085],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985334,0.0003574339,0.0000649573,0.0006160275,0.0003003385,0.0001279021],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004148656,0.0005193279,0.01517831,0.00003431929,0.0000594863,3.233772e-7,0.000357088,0.0004858027,0.1120885,0.6110272,0.009082776,0.2511253],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001132507,0.0001921651,0.1068989,0.00009272289,0.0000763902,6.418056e-7,0.001778575,0.1643132,0.05780347,0.2133614,0.4537695,0.0005803781],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8883529,0.00006115674,0.06628293,0.003541386,0.00005608397,0.001648721,0.00002601905,0.00009252607,0.03993829],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9894609,0.00000964833,0.0005860017,0.00009143435,0.0001280085,0.00320061,0.00005138695,0.000009667842,0.006462315],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4446867,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5353954,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03631453429059851,"score_gpt":0.4026398463554626,"score_spread":0.3663253120648641,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}