{"id":"W4406803348","doi":"10.1145/3714458","title":"A Survey on Speech Deepfake Detection","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"ACM Computing Surveys","topic":"Speech and Audio Processing","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Natural language processing; Speech recognition; Data science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007767986,0.0006999487,0.001675512,0.0006486828,0.0004289656,0.0006654166,0.003837707,0.0004341263,0.000005773163],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003604534,0.0006289019,0.0004446332,0.002296887,0.00004158878,0.0001855341,0.00163265,0.0009186856,0.0003461938],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002210923,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006427406,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002131765,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002761949,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9925581,0.003956999,0.0008695954,0.001357131,0.0005315694,0.0007266398],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9913378,0.005444571,0.0006449122,0.002200542,0.0002323471,0.000139822],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[5.929109e-7,0.00003631831,0.00005318355,0.002464409,0.00005089751,0.0000255716,0.00001290889,0.000006278268,2.997561e-7,0.000007974303,0.0003793091,0.9969622],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001042503,0.0005688206,0.01111651,0.0838538,0.0004044014,0.0002567942,0.000004977547,0.002589307,0.001068604,0.001365843,0.8925009,0.005227585],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001495362,0.706293,0.290296,0.00001419598,0.001870113,0.0003544182,0.00001472417,0.000518276,0.0006243436],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003026534,0.9775827,0.02076787,0.0001648303,0.0003922845,0.00001276798,0.0001301037,0.00006549255,0.0005812908],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9917347,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996162,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06643258360133504,"score_gpt":0.345651544826752,"score_spread":0.279218961225417,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}