{"id":"W4406829733","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2025.2455681","title":"Failures of Scale Separation in Biology and the Problem of Inter-Level Causation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Causation; Separation (statistics); Scale (ratio); Statistical physics; Mathematics; Epistemology; Philosophy; Physics; Statistics; Quantum mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04758704,0.001316837,0.003824958,0.004139197,0.004170945,0.005762863,0.004212331,0.006111078,0.005733951],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07249443,0.001567506,0.00310954,0.002522152,0.06463959,0.01900489,0.01174927,0.01167003,0.0006660298],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004144096,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002846445,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001971384,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009566766,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9678887,0.01399413,0.001981016,0.00849375,0.006402226,0.001240115],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8674577,0.09608324,0.009914521,0.02111653,0.003922623,0.001505391],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004888543,0.00001446494,0.0007174902,0.0001554582,0.00006556007,0.00009256684,0.0006416019,0.001060088,0.0002999987,0.9903924,0.0004015002,0.006109884],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002405515,0.00001196104,0.0004298278,0.0000187012,0.00001026503,0.00004098707,0.00006698141,0.0007787286,0.0001291449,0.9973657,0.001112321,0.00001123811],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.08524235,0.01297915,0.7275199,0.07497645,0.001478913,0.0003160325,0.000399963,0.00081154,0.09627573],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8967253,0.002708802,0.09007937,0.005549339,0.001171006,0.0008246532,0.0001450541,0.0002109263,0.00258555],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.04758704,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2516673,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04504182141984094,"score_gpt":0.3910982927947671,"score_spread":0.3460564713749262,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}