{"id":"W4406849785","doi":"10.1080/19376812.2025.2456757","title":"The role of water and energy in food security among smallholder farmers in Semi-Arid Ghana","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"African Geographical Review","topic":"Energy and Environment Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Arid; Food security; Water security; Energy security; Natural resource economics; Business; Water sector; Water resource management; Agricultural economics; Agriculture; Agroforestry; Geography; Environmental science; Economics; Water resources; Water supply; Ecology; Renewable energy; Environmental engineering; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009437028,0.0003494544,0.0005565232,0.001173508,0.000220761,0.0009322012,0.0003080898,0.0004802938,0.00157427],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001665973,0.000164069,0.0003159386,0.002800752,0.0004764541,0.0008424356,0.0005460139,0.0004638353,0.0001053941],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008168132,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002112493,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01147678,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02585703,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996896,0.0001637692,0.00004805747,0.00002421695,0.00004172101,0.00003269247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992682,0.0004193464,0.0002040835,0.000007999945,0.00006618876,0.00003412334],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003749048,0.0001014091,0.01642613,0.1162979,0.0006620925,0.001270444,0.003139791,0.0008713265,0.001464793,0.005092217,0.01128459,0.8430144],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001300446,0.0008773832,0.2048631,0.1480553,0.002637103,0.002819509,0.01209355,0.0005524125,0.001183899,0.005692944,0.6210186,0.00007616609],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.004444162,0.9940791,0.00002602451,0.0008499131,0.00003957315,0.000006461507,0.00003204979,9.259456e-7,0.0005216871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03453653,0.9650209,0.00007930673,0.0001570744,0.00003186631,0.000007334656,0.00002113309,6.291912e-7,0.0001452368],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01147678,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02281994,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004251295550293805,"score_gpt":0.1941593684834772,"score_spread":0.1899080729331834,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}