{"id":"W4406855482","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2417043122","title":"Bubble coalescence principle in saline water","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Minerals Flotation and Separation Techniques","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Coalescence (physics); Bubble; Ion; Physics; Materials science; Mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001848614,0.0002159338,0.0002473416,0.0002250918,0.0002139698,0.0003332559,0.0004754818,0.0003621191,0.0009340749],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009077836,0.0001699819,0.0001482429,0.00008913871,0.0008300371,0.0007362191,0.0006049717,0.0006228117,0.00012798],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003774526,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002261172,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008256673,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003242921,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998438,0.00001559825,0.00000481977,0.00004055653,0.00007041229,0.00002473144],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997299,0.0001313924,0.00004623107,0.00001291261,0.00004305413,0.00003650805],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001092167,0.00002972831,0.0008924162,0.0001113074,0.000009570138,0.0004438062,0.0002908294,0.00739303,0.948441,0.03184957,0.0003114139,0.01011798],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009201054,0.0006237331,0.003070706,0.00002903857,0.00002148025,0.000861561,0.0001817968,0.3765752,0.5891103,0.02306206,0.00630883,0.00006334863],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6935079,0.002649975,0.292928,0.0007320911,0.00008518805,0.0001411859,0.0001212941,0.0005700379,0.009264402],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9896054,0.0004242827,0.008202926,0.00009507796,0.00001979029,0.00005738013,0.00004104145,0.00003118294,0.001522818],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0009340749,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003124774,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02765399611839331,"score_gpt":0.3286493841836451,"score_spread":0.3009953880652518,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}