{"id":"W4406857725","doi":"10.1109/trs.2025.3534521","title":"Space-Domain Awareness Using Over-the-Horizon Radar","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Radar Systems","topic":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Royal Military College of Canada; Defence Research and Development Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Over-the-horizon radar; Radar; Horizon; Computer science; Space (punctuation); Remote sensing; Geography; Mathematics; Telecommunications; Geometry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002060158,0.000283251,0.0003040532,0.0002734163,0.0003293066,0.00008585805,0.0002885467,0.0001209474,0.0000101044],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002727371,0.0002599438,0.0001239546,0.0005581326,0.00007091305,0.0001902185,0.000001747463,0.0003870635,0.00001362765],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004457041,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006201121,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002447131,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004454809,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998706,0.00008877792,0.0003435907,0.0002719812,0.0002479495,0.0003416536],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991054,0.0001144822,0.00004481625,0.0006380079,0.00004076129,0.00005654578],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008080195,0.00018587,0.00006902025,0.00128113,0.0006221501,0.00006766384,0.0006269629,0.7574354,0.203938,0.004152133,0.008478365,0.02306254],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001960793,0.0001730667,0.0000723765,0.002622944,0.0003179864,0.0001772249,0.001429839,0.3033446,0.4678183,0.002091024,0.2181569,0.001835002],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02113141,0.0007474517,0.9712864,0.0000889591,0.003650387,0.00051734,0.00004502274,0.001528464,0.001004604],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9870872,0.00007914974,0.01211064,0.00003084522,0.00009991307,0.00008692292,0.000001716248,0.00008416708,0.0004194322],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9659558,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999853,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0134323192019465,"score_gpt":0.2650707075740405,"score_spread":0.251638388372094,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}