{"id":"W4406923581","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5052400","title":"Leverage and Rate of Return Heterogeneity among U.S. Households","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Housing Market and Economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Leverage (statistics); Business; Rate of return; Economics; Monetary economics; Demographic economics; Statistics; Finance; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008336699,0.0001068371,0.0002089191,0.000811917,0.0002310513,0.0008372486,0.0002445933,0.0004303169,0.003644132],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005944216,0.0001107543,0.000197685,0.001114484,0.0002709998,0.0006356115,0.0004862881,0.0004125184,0.0005711482],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002648985,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001214091,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007907082,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009922829,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996125,0.0001486907,0.0000350916,0.00006414465,0.0000538074,0.00008573865],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9943124,0.001973653,0.002458764,0.0004183339,0.0003898769,0.0004470082],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001081642,0.00004391056,0.9950237,0.000003349517,0.00008919631,0.00006096039,0.0002225575,0.0003528923,0.0001419565,0.0006370872,0.0004783621,0.00283788],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003822508,0.00003351363,0.9969453,0.00000615862,0.00001768727,0.00008265454,0.0005649808,0.001344889,0.00007156935,0.0006502768,0.0002738624,0.000005370317],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983184,0.0001508947,0.0001090507,0.0001403977,0.000002826512,0.000002753331,0.0003573819,0.000003319816,0.0009149973],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995402,0.00003682738,0.00001275306,0.00001255546,0.000006998103,0.000001006898,0.0002255058,0.000001072324,0.0001629696],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007907082,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01572216,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01355877564828983,"score_gpt":0.2070503305109319,"score_spread":0.1934915548626421,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}