{"id":"W4406928513","doi":"10.1063/5.0239741","title":"The subtracted-kappa distribution and its properties","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Plasmas","topic":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Kappa; Distribution (mathematics); Statistical physics; Mathematical analysis; Geometry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000968684,0.00004978097,0.00007279385,0.00001182332,0.0001943274,0.0000375704,0.00006417712,0.00001893477,0.00002098692],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004072947,0.00003077159,0.00003324387,0.0001873909,0.0000571343,0.0000917304,0.000005718541,0.00006198224,0.00002220841],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":9.900486e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001855987,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001457957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004150346,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996186,0.00002628527,0.00009630538,0.00008212444,0.00008870052,0.00008792408],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997408,0.00008370375,0.00004098847,0.00006730897,0.00004564691,0.00002150405],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002269589,0.00009299458,0.3155607,0.0001862995,0.0003522447,0.000002260708,0.0003666974,0.005781305,0.005709934,0.02782997,0.00155285,0.6423378],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004242261,0.0001067664,0.6812168,0.00007257183,0.0001208047,0.000002239396,0.000504123,0.1864566,0.09331747,0.00834364,0.02918462,0.0002501133],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963642,0.0006949865,0.0002352164,0.0004350773,0.0000982868,0.0000522917,0.00005163738,0.00001593974,0.002052352],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990817,0.0001672224,0.000006542098,0.00002036027,0.0000234755,4.95528e-7,0.00002949055,5.925363e-7,0.0006701555],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6420877,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1494629,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01273634275444801,"score_gpt":0.1971018123870716,"score_spread":0.1843654696326235,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}