{"id":"W4406954965","doi":"10.1146/annurev-criminol-111523-122257","title":"Does Nothing Stop a Bullet Like a Job? The Effects of Income on Crime","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Criminology","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Nothing; Silver bullet; Criminology; Economics; Demographic economics; Psychology; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006730675,0.00009314867,0.0003653371,0.00009028899,0.0001587514,0.000008757195,0.0004304001,0.00007827784,0.0004151646],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001712995,0.0000498421,0.0002323982,0.0001296182,0.0005019371,0.00005460958,0.0001077463,0.0001648926,0.00002263691],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002750621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000819754,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00205835,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006932678,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985859,0.0005162815,0.0003792918,0.0001566756,0.0001707999,0.0001910666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983516,0.00096505,0.0001792034,0.0002984691,0.0001792707,0.00002635431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007003175,0.0006398893,0.002292538,0.03353808,0.0003440403,0.00001540341,0.04555149,3.708067e-7,0.0007252166,0.6244556,0.1044672,0.1879002],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003015075,0.0005169295,0.02317452,0.01715993,0.0003133322,0.000001014687,0.003320788,6.132535e-7,0.001551494,0.004257337,0.9492592,0.0001433611],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.660055,0.1712856,0.0004017301,0.05348192,0.005780487,0.002487194,0.00008060916,0.0001088368,0.1063186],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9638296,0.02560832,0.00004255952,0.00690668,0.00007329323,0.00004855287,0.000001742321,0.000006207984,0.003483043],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.844792,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4545761,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03016977164500342,"score_gpt":0.3845997712905238,"score_spread":0.3544299996455204,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}