{"id":"W4406983184","doi":"10.1109/access.2025.3537458","title":"Microgrid Islanding Detection Using D-PMU and Phase Angle Analysis of Negative Sequence Impedance","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Access","topic":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","field":"Engineering","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Islanding; Microgrid; Electrical impedance; Phase angle (astronomy); Sequence (biology); Phase (matter); Computer science; Focused Impedance Measurement; Control theory (sociology); Electrical engineering; Power (physics); Physics; Engineering; Electric power system; Artificial intelligence; Optics; Control (management); Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001465833,0.0001224052,0.000272302,0.0006434111,0.00008690162,0.0000871352,0.0001394458,0.00006804273,0.000007630352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002269915,0.0001299916,0.00006578992,0.001718644,0.00004496268,0.0003138081,0.00002535607,0.0001026828,7.547918e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001253853,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001167939,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002762555,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000162251,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992572,0.00003237948,0.0002750556,0.0001845265,0.00009370788,0.0001571249],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995571,0.000091364,0.00008537254,0.0001779161,0.00006278626,0.00002545758],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004321777,0.0000223516,0.01146503,0.0002887571,0.001699411,0.000006044915,0.001049986,0.05954148,0.9153652,0.00001801451,0.00006212333,0.01043843],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004170373,0.00001739936,0.001033913,0.00008799321,0.0004557387,0.000005168221,0.00007334905,0.4216934,0.5759298,0.0000569505,0.00009670408,0.0001325859],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8402635,0.0003359352,0.1577149,0.000002022299,0.001193379,0.0001107203,0.00002544402,0.0001060977,0.0002479101],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996915,0.00004624449,0.0001599494,0.000007611163,0.00004437154,0.00001271078,0.000001624165,0.00001246557,0.00002347555],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3621519,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5300904,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03135588001531538,"score_gpt":0.3448996285593431,"score_spread":0.3135437485440278,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}