{"id":"W4407010445","doi":"10.1007/s12207-025-09531-0","title":"Invalid Response Set, Malingering, and Related Assessments in Psychological Injury: Ethics, Causality, and Court","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychological Injury and Law","topic":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor; York University","funders":"","keywords":"Malingering; Legal psychology; Causality (physics); Psychology; Set (abstract data type); Personal injury; Social psychology; Clinical psychology; Law; Political science; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004802579,0.0003151952,0.0006468354,0.0002478312,0.0002195012,0.0001171064,0.0001762592,0.0008720457,0.0003090066],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001163747,0.0002440993,0.00005638072,0.0005012637,0.001407113,0.0001268117,0.0002933766,0.002169414,0.000014754],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005445387,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003581521,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006139506,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001659366,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961345,0.001293999,0.0006918287,0.0009635059,0.0003816704,0.0005344795],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977201,0.00126423,0.00009115286,0.0005024674,0.00008513253,0.0003369598],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.09389395,0.006391195,0.388997,0.001598943,0.000818233,0.001989492,0.00325064,0.000001050272,0.04956597,0.3297539,0.02508835,0.09865119],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003985074,0.004165589,0.9471864,0.0004941387,0.00007385876,0.0002868857,0.0003094467,0.00006979008,0.0002812549,0.03078645,0.01197515,0.0003859852],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9644837,0.0004672711,0.00003461174,0.01742702,0.0002250614,0.0006956051,0.00003862548,0.000118217,0.01650982],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906829,0.0006582291,0.0009971226,0.006333642,0.00003117579,0.00006583701,0.0000145483,0.0000187197,0.001197806],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5581893,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9954079,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1862625539646016,"score_gpt":0.5285112159594668,"score_spread":0.3422486619948653,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}