{"id":"W4407040296","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5048174","title":"From Scripted Responses to Contextual Understanding: A Comprehensive Examination of Chatbot Technology and Its Journey Toward Mimicking Human Conversations","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"AI in Service Interactions","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Thomson Reuters (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Chatbot; Psychology; Computer science; Cognitive science; Human–computer interaction; Communication; World Wide Web","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008201985,0.0003257139,0.0005219593,0.002038275,0.0004017623,0.0002484855,0.001378442,0.000358529,0.00001313826],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000257473,0.0003592582,0.0001248534,0.0007292979,0.00009532204,0.000406453,0.001230918,0.003321962,0.000004757314],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002654381,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002488559,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002040095,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005854049,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996867,0.000365635,0.0007239961,0.000594346,0.0003920735,0.001056941],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974496,0.0004109649,0.0007421269,0.0004868135,0.0007984729,0.0001119766],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008125237,0.00011123,0.0003065088,0.00006395316,0.000901085,0.00001340556,0.01276182,0.0002583967,0.009720159,0.9709866,0.0001342935,0.004661283],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001547041,0.0007566127,0.002332288,0.001461108,0.0002394972,0.0004280166,0.08012965,0.01190686,0.003949498,0.8960008,0.000502161,0.0007464963],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4544445,0.001902687,0.5318025,0.0100728,0.0009275486,0.0004403599,0.00004697018,0.0001222724,0.0002403734],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967782,0.0006183127,0.00182592,0.0002325728,0.0001236434,0.0000210064,0.00001431064,0.00001698189,0.0003690031],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5423337,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0828690749551409,"score_gpt":0.3299963466312451,"score_spread":0.2471272716761042,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}