{"id":"W4407062344","doi":"10.1111/jbfa.12854","title":"Cartelization and Expected Crash Risk: Evidence From Global Leniency Laws","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Business Finance &amp Accounting","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Crash; Business; Law; Forensic engineering; Engineering; Political science; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00156814,0.0001724347,0.0002289385,0.000716526,0.0002808933,0.00103491,0.0002796585,0.0006078348,0.003235502],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01281484,0.000106905,0.0002940494,0.0008431985,0.0008262541,0.0007847157,0.0009216623,0.001119031,0.0002369349],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000308416,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002278279,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005289361,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004480142,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993882,0.0002214429,0.00005588886,0.0001033509,0.0001199897,0.0001111587],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9503067,0.01456909,0.02917521,0.00260307,0.00122174,0.002124173],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003206048,0.0001513406,0.9921386,0.0000178314,0.0001239186,0.0001770867,0.0003090391,0.0008609049,0.0002268566,0.0004819377,0.0003380202,0.004853789],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001547137,0.0002222147,0.9968501,0.00001035765,0.00004802139,0.00008261425,0.000410001,0.001348645,0.0002661675,0.0003271545,0.0004091686,0.0000101959],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9982229,0.0001149341,0.000100782,0.0001368768,0.000003990744,0.000004611885,0.00009130875,0.000003582223,0.001321027],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996294,0.00007348855,0.00002437551,0.00002482978,0.000009375555,0.000001406173,0.00008924008,8.15022e-7,0.0001470638],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005289361,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01082379,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01633451153873509,"score_gpt":0.2333516551050449,"score_spread":0.2170171435663098,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}