{"id":"W4407073067","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107643","title":"Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw and chemical profiling of bio-crude oil","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass and Bioenergy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Straw; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Liquefaction; Hydrothermal circulation; Crude oil; Pulp and paper industry; Catalysis; Chemistry; Environmental science; Chemical engineering; Agronomy; Petroleum engineering; Geology; Organic chemistry; Biology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004774473,0.0005682714,0.0004821959,0.0001835695,0.0001135901,0.0004964094,0.0002995524,0.0003713325,0.0005969245],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002422793,0.0002342008,0.0007348901,0.0002015008,0.0001577362,0.0002067205,0.0001511112,0.0002456878,0.0001399236],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005687485,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006042168,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003505609,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003877253,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997875,0.00004442143,0.00001043189,0.00005170836,0.00008349393,0.00002239684],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999034,0.00003081474,0.00002880215,0.000007494555,0.00002343377,0.000005889488],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004639943,0.0001245971,0.001452179,0.0003956891,0.00004759514,0.00006253603,0.0000261991,0.133953,0.8550828,0.0002921041,0.00005165719,0.008047623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003546402,0.0008418332,0.00285608,0.00000704783,0.00005465869,0.00002327569,0.0000259397,0.4412791,0.5538814,0.0001219439,0.0008531149,0.00002007305],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8637496,0.0005333399,0.1338264,0.00004033948,0.00002596341,0.0001346479,0.0003394665,0.000132556,0.001217691],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9730356,0.0004219911,0.02481384,0.00001150125,0.00000246025,0.0001411509,0.0002049284,0.00001346608,0.001355071],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003505609,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006970406,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005611934138100678,"score_gpt":0.2022823754628937,"score_spread":0.1966704413247931,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}