{"id":"W4407085251","doi":"10.3390/resources14020027","title":"Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Resources","topic":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement; Korea Institute of Construction Technology; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","keywords":"Electrodialysis; Capacitive deionization; Electrochemistry; Extraction (chemistry); Lithium (medication); Materials science; Process engineering; Chemistry; Chromatography; Membrane; Engineering; Electrode; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002658178,0.0003475719,0.001464217,0.0003770713,0.00004472176,0.00002693477,0.0002070264,0.0004114267,0.00003216095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004911466,0.0003072613,0.0002448102,0.001123074,0.00008214288,0.0000735381,0.00003569728,0.0004059705,0.000004013405],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000119444,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007168045,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001915123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001040641,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984755,0.0001261138,0.0006805867,0.0003173109,0.0002042356,0.0001962703],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988607,0.0003931447,0.0002490423,0.0003540763,0.0001135668,0.00002944434],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000315223,0.00001639582,6.756603e-7,0.3193397,0.000259732,0.000001847549,0.00003653469,0.000001031074,0.0006791628,0.0001220466,0.004174821,0.6753649],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002762355,0.00002346071,9.931216e-8,0.07537988,0.0006042789,0.00001713961,0.000006287175,0.000014375,0.01935289,0.00003719305,0.9043,0.0002368109],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000002225955,0.9902021,0.002099882,0.00003191302,0.00003057602,0.0006292966,0.00002796168,0.000961752,0.006014297],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00002013833,0.9984787,0.0007261387,0.00001714867,0.00004150884,0.0002986009,0.000137905,0.00003532805,0.000244548],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9001251,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999938,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01049552500011819,"score_gpt":0.2866556236650199,"score_spread":0.2761600986649017,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}