{"id":"W4407085251","doi":"10.3390/resources14020027","title":"Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Resources","topic":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement; Korea Institute of Construction Technology; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","keywords":"Electrodialysis; Capacitive deionization; Electrochemistry; Extraction (chemistry); Lithium (medication); Materials science; Process engineering; Chemistry; Chromatography; Membrane; Engineering; Electrode; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008918037,0.001615035,0.002161134,0.003393797,0.0005135713,0.001720307,0.00140554,0.001539831,0.003752888],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009566785,0.0008088282,0.001107711,0.005554724,0.0005757218,0.003465641,0.001039193,0.001758342,0.002523855],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007236286,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001326576,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001169222,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001368447,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993925,0.00005583977,0.00009729809,0.0001375943,0.0002601121,0.00005657924],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993392,0.00030424,0.00009544002,0.00002533763,0.0001975755,0.00003827515],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001075484,0.0002195022,0.0004449783,0.05957188,0.0001498842,0.0004334893,0.0001894172,0.001324828,0.01820142,0.009661033,0.02631027,0.8833857],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001340352,0.0002222698,0.0006248115,0.003197984,0.0001444014,0.001311811,0.00009589254,0.0006259548,0.006579772,0.002264008,0.9848541,0.00006562018],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000563074,0.9944424,0.001871374,0.0003112041,0.000343621,0.00002435415,0.00007244028,0.00003562778,0.002335943],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002037016,0.9943221,0.001667727,0.0002672739,0.000274288,0.00003313349,0.0001107612,0.000009725559,0.001277894],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003752888,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01255465,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01049552500011819,"score_gpt":0.2866556236650199,"score_spread":0.2761600986649017,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}