{"id":"W4407135652","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2409935122","title":"Black and Latinx workers reap lower rewards than White workers from years spent working in big cities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Inequality; Quarter (Canadian coin); National Longitudinal Surveys; Wage; Labour economics; Work (physics); White (mutation); Economics; Demographic economics; Economic inequality; Wage inequality; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003476287,0.0001621358,0.0001619894,0.0004303847,0.0005905694,0.0006627628,0.0001328129,0.0001859906,0.00756584],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009066288,0.00006599133,0.0001528751,0.0003634364,0.0003303905,0.0002664786,0.000617869,0.0002205931,0.0006594267],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001914392,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002456227,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007965913,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01800344,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998301,0.00004155298,0.000007138919,0.00002375212,0.000035759,0.00006158969],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995905,0.00005746824,0.000141585,0.00003272543,0.00004156835,0.0001362702],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001906539,0.0001391846,0.9641592,0.00003252549,0.00006952867,0.00008344848,0.002163314,0.0001110175,0.002273388,0.001900352,0.001183542,0.02769397],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006595604,0.00004734771,0.9957334,0.00001727558,0.00001381368,0.00004125836,0.00203072,0.0000599468,0.0001937078,0.0003422208,0.0015104,0.000003316579],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924043,0.0001564105,0.00009220392,0.0003033477,0.00001367362,0.000004089825,0.00008301895,0.000004298926,0.006938581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973935,0.0001280965,0.00007231411,0.00009489577,0.00001184256,0.000004266266,0.0000470433,0.000002778997,0.002245177],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007965913,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02531022,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05848749127035321,"score_gpt":0.3191730527713128,"score_spread":0.2606855615009596,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}