{"id":"W4407151842","doi":"10.3390/mining5010012","title":"Numerical Investigation of Transmission and Sealing Characteristics of Salt Rock, Limestone, and Sandstone for Hydrogen Underground Energy Storage in Ontario, Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Mining","topic":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Geology; Salt (chemistry); Mining engineering; Geotechnical engineering; Environmental science; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001614248,0.0004749623,0.0004010727,0.0006394477,0.001067088,0.0009729619,0.001025908,0.001195985,0.001974605],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007313281,0.0003295735,0.0005413358,0.0007123968,0.0009051473,0.0003537246,0.0004920125,0.0003295571,0.0001277959],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004621476,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004118064,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7524408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6736037,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998901,0.000008839254,0.00000551034,0.00001770984,0.00002846883,0.0000494254],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997448,0.00008839964,0.00003308859,0.00001114708,0.000077378,0.00004515761],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001193797,0.00007894311,0.02957567,0.00006929155,0.00001914485,0.00048044,0.0001448896,0.96223,0.002459049,0.0009771885,0.0006527376,0.003193186],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003005397,0.00003515012,0.008022077,0.00001187874,0.00001443954,0.00002975963,0.0003429848,0.9903082,0.0005907931,0.0001155365,0.0004845148,0.0000145717],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9918485,0.0001168257,0.001460939,0.0001381926,0.00001133388,0.00002306546,0.0005802084,0.00004275571,0.005778204],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973192,0.00006747914,0.0007601308,0.00001284935,0.000001554261,0.00001176952,0.0002977143,0.000009204689,0.001520072],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2475592,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4980343,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01086138863405529,"score_gpt":0.2218365513784843,"score_spread":0.210975162744429,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}