{"id":"W4407152405","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae587","title":"Big cities fuel inequality within and across generations","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PNAS Nexus","topic":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Arizona State University; Princeton University; Brown University","keywords":"Dynamism; Expansive; Urbanization; Economic geography; Economic inequality; Inequality; Spatial inequality; Population; Social connectedness; Social inequality; Development economics; Social capital; Capital (architecture); Economics; Geography; Economic growth; Demographic economics; Sociology; Social science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004527432,0.00007818222,0.0001316151,0.00003733937,0.001142595,0.0001689572,0.00008989256,0.00006013481,0.00001808341],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004310828,0.00007168486,0.00002871053,0.0002863182,0.0003732787,0.0001221369,0.00006040186,0.00007297558,0.00001037014],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003655071,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001323507,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002750757,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02218734,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991578,0.0001268609,0.0001782307,0.0001682889,0.0001722572,0.0001965851],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994563,0.0002111942,0.0000491204,0.0001118542,0.0001203997,0.00005107649],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001350999,0.00005993704,0.1003497,0.00004705176,0.00009618163,0.000002459566,0.3635505,0.00001803968,0.0001381289,0.5151657,0.00986623,0.01069264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001210354,0.00006012642,0.1631687,0.00005924078,0.00006288635,9.221384e-7,0.2438628,0.0005322524,0.0003307546,0.1794964,0.4106124,0.0006032091],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.765119,0.004036331,0.00229371,0.008028673,0.001858746,0.0002905718,0.00006097032,0.000215078,0.2180969],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9758561,0.0001996188,0.0001353588,0.0007741969,0.0002724157,0.00002520442,0.000004224982,0.000003462319,0.02272941],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4007461,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9956552,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06688047841163632,"score_gpt":0.3658889267261706,"score_spread":0.2990084483145343,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}