{"id":"W4407165156","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106550","title":"Two paradigms of research and their influence on the study of animal behaviour","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","topic":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","field":"Veterinary","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Animal-assisted therapy; Pet therapy; HUBzero; Animal welfare; Psychology; Biology; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002092733,0.0003106058,0.0004610063,0.0004362853,0.0009890301,0.00008932933,0.001259097,0.00007208218,0.00002403218],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001058856,0.0002057782,0.00006458307,0.001972388,0.003243577,0.0001866862,0.001108489,0.0005546333,0.000009379218],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005908643,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001550574,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007860755,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004113477,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996841,0.0001174657,0.0005758243,0.0008485023,0.0009676649,0.0006496108],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980431,0.0004215193,0.0001841129,0.0007532442,0.0004905993,0.0001074561],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007804518,0.000912824,0.7065502,0.0000124815,0.00001181014,0.00001399858,0.002284125,7.019521e-7,0.2365749,0.05272242,0.00002308519,0.0001129576],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005494455,0.006218844,0.9518653,0.00005648164,0.00004016248,0.000009258679,0.01808013,0.000006451084,0.02265217,0.0003421615,0.000002871289,0.0001766972],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9930307,0.00007378435,0.000002028088,0.0001651651,0.00004570851,0.001130442,0.00003151986,0.00005009261,0.005470595],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996666,0.000009353786,0.00004089795,0.00003675149,0.00001637364,0.000182516,7.813244e-7,0.00001746249,0.00002927582],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2453151,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999469,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1054233432313432,"score_gpt":0.4144708961283124,"score_spread":0.3090475528969692,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}