{"id":"W4407195451","doi":"10.5210/spir.v2024i0.13981","title":"INDUSTRY 4.0: DIGITAL TWINS AND ACCOUNTABILITY","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Accountability; Political science; Business; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01515416,0.0003849818,0.000348335,0.003780824,0.006863014,0.0182182,0.001445158,0.003068406,0.007989604],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02990765,0.0004664012,0.0002975063,0.00463965,0.03193926,0.02385511,0.0153793,0.004354712,0.0007890806],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006729679,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.008151775,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004637957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003694167,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9832396,0.01008615,0.0006695401,0.001611014,0.00321355,0.001180085],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9783434,0.01054011,0.002614093,0.004675438,0.00219889,0.001628011],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002100335,0.00001675009,0.00259496,0.00004895017,0.000004797869,0.0001381744,0.02389622,0.0002715249,0.0002054002,0.9396421,0.002824697,0.03033526],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009593249,0.00006647664,0.00416132,0.0003490063,0.00001319517,0.0003386234,0.04382157,0.002168218,0.0009333928,0.5857499,0.3623389,0.00004975861],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1480293,0.002262421,0.1077566,0.05478935,0.0005802626,0.000263161,0.0002724366,0.000649236,0.6853973],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9599431,0.0007363483,0.01369251,0.002151179,0.0001279119,0.0001627885,0.0001136926,0.0001725998,0.02289972],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0182182,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08014381,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02519341826679617,"score_gpt":0.3099578303962119,"score_spread":0.2847644121294158,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}