{"id":"W4407247039","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107960","title":"Investigating the frost cracking mechanism and the related shallow alpine rockfall initiation process using three-dimensional FDEM","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Engineering Geology","topic":"Landslides and related hazards","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection","keywords":"Rockfall; Geology; Cracking; Frost (temperature); Seismology; Geotechnical engineering; Geomorphology; Landslide; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001426077,0.0002762274,0.0002171115,0.0003188101,0.000241649,0.0005173275,0.0003692021,0.0007259069,0.001023153],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005880881,0.0002243928,0.0001921725,0.0002244433,0.0003769806,0.0003773984,0.0001888192,0.000350721,0.0001073846],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002688186,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003699908,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006908848,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006087081,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999563,0.000004368403,0.000002376367,0.00001032294,0.00001569699,0.0000109351],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998375,0.00007144207,0.00002653616,0.0000159092,0.00003515709,0.00001341018],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000219598,0.0002236042,0.03703604,0.0002365844,0.00005027365,0.001411075,0.0006168413,0.7018186,0.2220244,0.003341553,0.0006761192,0.03234537],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001125654,0.00001975982,0.01049608,0.000007593636,0.00000464942,0.00005651597,0.00006720551,0.9840952,0.004805729,0.0001702819,0.0002550952,0.00001066191],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9624937,0.0001953736,0.0333124,0.0001374174,0.00002109661,0.000044162,0.0002085273,0.0002376449,0.003349688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9908559,0.00007656053,0.008454702,0.000012118,0.000004034416,0.0000080738,0.00006144002,0.00001147147,0.0005156756],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006908848,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01373726,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005884502021956446,"score_gpt":0.2058658425520331,"score_spread":0.1999813405300767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}