{"id":"W4407262002","doi":"10.1017/s0080440125000015","title":"RETRACTED – ‘More Prussian than the Prussian’? Battlefield Prisoner Killing by British and Canadian Forces on the Western Front, 1914–1918","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Transactions of the Royal Historical Society","topic":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":true,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Battlefield; Front (military); Action (physics); History; Prisoners of war; Criminology; Law; Adversary; Psychology; Political science; World War II; Sociology; Ancient history; Computer security; Engineering; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":{"nature":"Retraction","reason":"Euphemisms for Plagiarism;Investigation by Journal/Publisher;Objections by Author(s);Plagiarism of/in Article;","date":"8/29/2025 0:00","openalex_flagged":true},"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007785499,0.0002720249,0.0002240841,0.002257034,0.01042929,0.002034374,0.0008569538,0.0007835799,0.005142441],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002260459,0.0001909564,0.0001562487,0.002767229,0.004261042,0.0008747294,0.001322336,0.001055851,0.0003689152],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02842837,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01355232,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9857382,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9955174,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990062,0.00007375157,0.00002473397,0.00009045067,0.0003178864,0.0004869591],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987422,0.0000927818,0.0002398768,0.00004911217,0.0006399252,0.0002361554],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000493581,0.00007045126,0.397333,0.0002786958,0.00009059158,0.00244884,0.4676046,0.0001902602,0.003040871,0.01459241,0.03363475,0.08022202],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000502312,0.00005129895,0.6376683,0.0002472607,0.00002126628,0.0006928212,0.2537264,0.00006120616,0.000355459,0.0002266243,0.1068806,0.00006372098],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9607303,0.002848393,0.0000692013,0.003132861,0.0001090182,0.00001801897,0.0004132272,0.000005319312,0.03267365],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9864213,0.001497429,0.00007780852,0.0004773081,0.00002925906,0.000004654751,0.0002033225,0.000006227819,0.01128253],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02842837,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2062632,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008156307295022144,"score_gpt":0.2287281036743676,"score_spread":0.2205717963793454,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}