{"id":"W4407277384","doi":"10.1007/s10664-024-10609-7","title":"UPC sentinel: An accurate approach for detecting upgradeability proxy contracts in Ethereum","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Empirical Software Engineering","topic":"Software Engineering Research","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Proxy (statistics); Computer science; Engineering; Machine learning","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001292314,0.000332043,0.0004097393,0.0004092902,0.000109123,0.0002536316,0.001115085,0.0002303836,0.000002615498],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009714092,0.0003389923,0.0001292901,0.001498254,0.00002898506,0.0006106863,0.0003290249,0.0006872211,0.000003439078],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002950065,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001536,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002599632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002746795,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972674,0.00008079836,0.0005042938,0.0008849822,0.0003427828,0.0009197302],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9958436,0.002906529,0.00005396498,0.0008367139,0.0001408301,0.0002183106],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005066888,0.0005254507,0.6849905,0.0009196601,0.00009130552,0.00003204099,0.0010068,0.2954223,0.001285734,0.0007745032,0.000333371,0.01456775],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008011445,0.00005799357,0.2391988,0.00008377989,0.000006292325,0.000007487882,0.00001568502,0.7557353,0.001805731,0.0003319732,0.001516839,0.0004389968],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2567852,0.000122319,0.7407638,0.0002057939,0.0002599712,0.0006117403,0.00000232986,0.001231478,0.00001740621],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8020984,0.000001621699,0.197268,0.0001098973,0.00008897339,0.0003346742,0.000007137898,0.00003899288,0.00005227392],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5453132,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999062,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03488539790364532,"score_gpt":0.326717984410252,"score_spread":0.2918325865066067,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}