{"id":"W4407355356","doi":"10.56279/ped.v42.suppl.i.1","title":"Enhancing English language proficiency in Ghanaian colleges of education: exploring attitudes, challenges, and pedagogical perspectives from tutors and trainees","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Papers in Education and Development","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"McGill University","keywords":"English language; Pedagogy; Language proficiency; Mathematics education; Sociology; Psychology; Medical education; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002880324,0.0001802718,0.0002577922,0.0005993533,0.00201794,0.001904901,0.0003133054,0.0005335878,0.001226085],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01145337,0.0002119953,0.0001058452,0.0004922769,0.001296152,0.0009861802,0.001652237,0.0006306428,0.0001589164],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001421779,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003529209,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005217185,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01506905,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980267,0.001076318,0.00008374606,0.00007886942,0.0002551271,0.000479318],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9907914,0.00279197,0.002359219,0.0001336286,0.001192124,0.002731694],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009653398,0.0004159371,0.5312427,0.0002303472,0.000009407658,0.001567362,0.4228968,0.00006828097,0.003470616,0.0003564579,0.0008958583,0.0387497],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001680236,0.0006479525,0.2450041,0.0002267934,0.00001254656,0.0009972864,0.7443171,0.0001587605,0.001128508,0.0001555897,0.007309861,0.0000247727],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9991369,0.0001476497,0.00003439239,0.0002456958,0.000004054028,0.000006348788,0.000002680244,0.000001354816,0.0004210982],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994481,0.0001561411,0.00007618801,0.00009527217,0.000003579768,0.000005439874,0.000002920682,7.969015e-7,0.0002114651],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005217185,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01523274,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07344610669877935,"score_gpt":0.3069359053396194,"score_spread":0.23348979864084,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}