{"id":"W4407369963","doi":"10.1080/27684520.2025.2450532","title":"From hypothesis to conclusion: the essential role of statistics in science","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Research in Statistics","topic":"Statistics Education and Methodologies","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Population Health Research Institute","funders":"","keywords":"Statistics; Econometrics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005396989,0.0001158184,0.0002931606,0.0007470631,0.0001816474,0.00007276405,0.000772656,0.00005852438,0.0001714171],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04371454,0.00009322258,0.00001467656,0.002029852,0.001019972,0.00003917282,0.0004870756,0.0003884005,0.00002446945],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002506618,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001288019,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001393079,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008114816,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996855,0.0007983003,0.000563725,0.0003315579,0.0009458107,0.0005056356],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9675752,0.03105425,0.00008397482,0.0005379945,0.0006561101,0.0000925014],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007648583,0.0001948969,0.001632439,0.00009397174,0.00001093738,0.00001416137,0.00426368,0.00002919626,0.003905419,0.9174873,0.03137101,0.04092054],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002761621,0.00004023757,0.01353763,0.0001286803,0.000008509496,4.348964e-7,0.006455283,0.001750576,0.006473708,0.9694623,0.00177659,0.00008987063],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.1429201,0.0002688679,0.8371441,0.002500249,0.001266015,0.001704721,0.005939917,0.00003832511,0.008217765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3052721,0.00008887545,0.693855,0.00007413292,0.00004726414,0.00006602575,0.00001151943,0.0000130729,0.0005720436],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.162352,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9643406,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.327918920097632,"score_gpt":0.5646616669207639,"score_spread":0.236742746823132,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}