{"id":"W4407393252","doi":"10.1080/01932691.2025.2462697","title":"Quantitative characterization of spontaneous and forced imbibition during soaking process in tight oil reservoirs","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology","topic":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Imbibition; Petroleum engineering; Characterization (materials science); Tight oil; Process (computing); Geology; Chemistry; Environmental science; Chemical engineering; Mineralogy; Materials science; Oil shale; Agronomy; Nanotechnology; Engineering; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001746745,0.0001654029,0.0002102761,0.0003102234,0.0001676916,0.000266265,0.000210324,0.0002233523,0.0004673672],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004570521,0.0001273905,0.0001758856,0.0002666835,0.0002290483,0.000525995,0.0001856336,0.0002224344,0.00007050998],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002345729,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002513677,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002604466,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002788121,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999242,0.000005740407,0.000005859184,0.00001599642,0.00003052613,0.0000176686],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998228,0.00006969729,0.0000397922,0.00001232143,0.00003944279,0.00001600099],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002735611,0.00008428697,0.01929627,0.0002485873,0.00001756553,0.000312217,0.0002417048,0.05551472,0.9065228,0.0009880047,0.000159035,0.01634129],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001320388,0.0002188365,0.01856242,0.00001026015,0.00001816127,0.00006908902,0.0001732482,0.5320372,0.4478775,0.0004099387,0.0005692874,0.00004091184],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910223,0.0001408967,0.007988592,0.00002197717,0.000004069046,0.00001264628,0.0001223945,0.00007509848,0.0006121109],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978296,0.00007921692,0.001807619,0.000003375494,8.213707e-7,0.00001071403,0.00006066761,0.000006838228,0.0002011099],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002604466,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00517863,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005921964754787556,"score_gpt":0.2505928749515289,"score_spread":0.2446709101967413,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}