{"id":"W4407406073","doi":"10.1080/23995270.2025.2466383","title":"Letter in reply: orphan drugs approved in Canada: availability and additional therapeutic value","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Future Rare Diseases","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; Arthur B. McDonald-Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute; Fraser Institute","funders":"","keywords":"Orphan drug; Value (mathematics); Medicine; Mathematics; Biology; Bioinformatics; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001211968,0.0001394899,0.0003048191,0.0001616242,0.00004242096,0.00003676166,0.0001391765,0.00004936523,0.001734576],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006915155,0.0001573793,0.0000533614,0.0002068753,0.00004557552,0.0001150872,0.00005368797,0.0001625434,0.00002298503],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005128309,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004139983,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1097101,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1560311,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988711,0.00002803145,0.0004200389,0.0003972238,0.00002326837,0.0002603467],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999431,0.0001523036,0.00008036949,0.000224864,0.00000983732,0.0001015964],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001291427,0.0002212935,0.593208,0.0001752442,0.00007103615,0.00001932315,0.0001878006,0.00006070543,0.000002367249,0.1493342,0.2503234,0.006267482],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005233453,0.000004174756,0.4583047,0.000016487,0.000003920496,3.642345e-7,0.00005586787,0.001177201,0.000004578924,0.02290712,0.5168571,0.0001451784],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8287176,0.02443658,0.00003752658,0.09103368,0.001800124,0.0009991503,0.02375173,0.0000515418,0.02917206],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9538714,0.0001997721,0.00002653052,0.0451395,0.0002627679,0.00008373153,0.0002146665,0.00001095564,0.000190735],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2665337,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999178,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01325555743609485,"score_gpt":0.2277355903476063,"score_spread":0.2144800329115115,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}