{"id":"W4407414623","doi":"10.2514/6.2025-0600","title":"Contrail Formation Simulation via FANS-Based Turbulence Modelling Combined With Two-Equation Soot/Ice Particle Transport Modelling","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Christian Studies; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Turbulence; Soot; Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics; Environmental science; Particle (ecology); Meteorology; Mechanics; Computer science; Physics; Geology; Chemistry; Combustion","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001651136,0.0001557266,0.0001408052,0.00004471281,0.0001919764,0.00002288029,0.0001426215,0.00006894025,0.00007538121],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006974848,0.0001295657,0.00003495332,0.0003837748,0.0001122844,0.0007925589,0.00001340258,0.0001102995,0.00003073516],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001261774,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001301718,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001378893,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008907467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989012,0.0000227884,0.0002795377,0.0002831704,0.0002579353,0.0002553721],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995286,0.0001014538,0.00008204437,0.0002234409,0.00002602897,0.00003846047],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001502748,0.00005018632,0.001302461,0.00001085833,0.000004443255,0.000001239186,0.0001022809,0.98906,0.0018535,0.001455269,0.000002229182,0.006007186],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001071012,0.00008809596,0.0001167797,0.00003128544,0.0000221207,2.800135e-7,0.00007939126,0.9584175,0.02969116,0.0102597,0.00005370094,0.0001689497],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2108697,0.00001175034,0.7870576,0.0002129132,0.0000153548,0.0003529213,9.852625e-7,0.0003126819,0.001165985],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9558435,0.000005460993,0.04370487,0.0002046979,0.000003484851,0.0000395073,0.0000155489,0.000009621947,0.0001732761],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7449738,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5283534,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0236334588046635,"score_gpt":0.2367282929203555,"score_spread":0.213094834115692,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}